Presentation


 * __ FR __****__ AMED STRUCTURE: __**


 * __ Introduction: __**

A framed structure can be constructed of any material. It is made stable by a skeleton that is able to stand by itself as a rigid structure without depending on floors or walls to resist deformation. Materials such as wood, steel, and reinforced concrete, which are strong in both tension and compression, make the best materials for framing. Masonry skeletons, which cannot be made rigid without walls, are not frames. The heavy timber frame is a fame in which large posts, spaced relatively far apart, support thick floor and roof beams. __ Function: __ The framed Structure function is stability or statically the construction. A framed structure is a structure supported mainly by skeleton, or frame, of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete rather than by load-bearing walls. Rigid frames have fixed joints that enable the frames to resist lateral forces; other frames require diagonal bracing or __shear walls__ and diaphragms for lateral stability. Heavy __timber framing__ was the most common type of construction in East Asia and northern Europe from prehistoric times to the mid-19th century. It was supplanted by the balloon frame and the platform frame (//see// __ light-frame __ construction) Steel's strength, when used in steel framing, made possible buildings with longer spans. Concrete frames impart greater rigidity and continuity; various advancements, such as the introduction of the shear wall and slipforming, have made concrete a serious competitor with steel in high-rise structures.
 * __ Definition: __**

__History__
The Framed Structure has been used since prehistoric times when the people first began constructing their living spaces. The framed structure has passed through several evolutionary stages before becoming the contemporary structures that we know today.

__Kinds of framed structure.__
1**. __Jetties__:** A //jetty// is an upper floor that depends on a [|cantilever] system in which a horizontal beam, the jetty bressummer, on which the wall above rests, projects outward beyond the floor below.

2. Timbers
Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then finish surfaced with a broad axe. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today it is more common for timbers to be bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine planed on all four sides. The vertical timbers include The horizontal timbers include
 * [|posts] (main supports at corners and other major uprights),
 * [|Wall studs] (subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example, [|close studding].
 * sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),
 * noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill-panels),
 * wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the [|trusses] and [|joists] of the roof